Vector Network Analyzers

Learn about the 12-term error model used to characterize systematic errors encountered during VNA measurements.

This article introduces S-parameter network flow diagrams and how they may be manipulated to solve real-world problems. Knowledge of network flow diagrams is a prerequisite to...

This article provides a brief tutorial on the vector network analyzer, how it works, and its application.

Development of RF applications relies heavily on S-parameters to describe integral structures and constituent RF components at different frequencies and for different power levels...

While VNA network measurements in the frequency domain help optimize or verify implementation of devices and components, time-domain measurements are effective for analyzing network...

Return loss measurement of a device on the end of a long cable is problematic. This article examines the reason behind that issue and how to mitigate it.

When mmWave frequencies and greater miniaturization coincide in a DUT, phase measurements and VNA calibration become important elements in device verification.

Offering a variety of features, from excellent RF characteristics to a wide variety of analysis functions, the latest VNA solutions facilitate the capture and evaluation of important...

Vector network analyzers have become essential measurement tools due to the growing presence of the Internet of Things and 5G.

Increasing complexity and the need for higher frequencies and bandwidths, multiple channels, low-power operation, and space constraints are placing considerable demands on RF/...

One-port vector-network-analyzer calibration with three-term error correction is relatively easy to understand. This article introduces a convenient matrix formulation that solves...

Engineers often want to measure the Q factor of a resonator. But did you know you could affordably and accurately determine that Q factor from a return-loss measurement?

This article explores some common measurement parameters and how skew-matched coaxial assemblies can augment a test setup to boost the accuracy of the overall differential-signal...

Noise sources and peak power meters are the key ingredients in a novel over-the-air test methodology that’s faster and more cost-effective than current techniques.

With a focus on reducing the noise floor, this application note explains how to maximize network-analyzer dynamic range.

One fundamental electrical engineering topic is the Wheatstone bridge, which plays an important role in terms of vector-network-analyzer incident and reflected measurements.

Whether measuring production components or engineering prototypes, today’s versatile network analyzers have become essential tools in the designer’s toolbox.